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Soy and the Thyroid

Sources

By , About.com Guide

Updated May 27, 2009

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Sources:

Balk, Ethan. "Effects of Soy on Health Outcomes." Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2005.

Bulletin de L'Office Fédéral de la Santé Publique, No. 28, 20 July 1992

Cassidy A, et al. "Biological Effects of a Diet of Soy Protein Rich in Isoflavones on the Menstrual Cycle of Premenopausal Women." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1994; 60: 333-340.

Conrad SC, et. al. "Soy formula complicates management of congenital hypothyroidism." Arch Dis Child. 2004 Nov;89(11):1077. Online

Divi RL, Chang HC, Doerge DR. "Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action." Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Nov 15;54(10):1087-96.

Doerge, Daniel and Daniel Sheehan, Letter to the FDA, Online

Doerge DR, Sheehan DM. "Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones." Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Jun;110 Suppl 3:349-53.  Online

Duncan AM, et al. "Soy isoflavones exert modest effects in premenopausal women." Journal of Endocrinologic Metabolism 1999; 84: 192-7.

Fort P. et. al. "Breast and soy-formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children" J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1990 9: 164-167. Online

Hampl R, et. al. "Short-term effect of soy consumption on thyroid hormone levels and correlation with phytoestrogen level in healthy subjects." Endocrine Regulation. 2008 Jun;42(2-3):53-61. Online

Hseih CY, et al. "Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo." Cancer Research 1998; 58: 3833-8

Irvine C, et al. "The Potential Adverse Effects of Soybean Phytoestrogens in Infant Feeding." NZ Medical Journal 1995; 24: 318

Ishizuki Y, et. al. "The effects on the thyroid gland of soybeans administered experimentally in healthy subjects." Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi. 1991 May 20;67(5):622-9.

McMichael-Phillips DF, et al. "Effects of soy-protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998; 68 (6 Suppl): 1431S-5S

Messina, Mark, et. al. "Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature." Thyroid. 2006 Mar;16(3):249-58. Online

Mestel, Rosie. "In Light of Troubling Study on Soy, Moderation Seen as Key," LA Times, Monday, March 27, 2000 Online

Milerová J, et. al. "Actual levels of soy phytoestrogens in children correlate with thyroid laboratory parameters." Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(2):171-4. Online

Nestor, James "Too Much of a Good Thing? Controversy rages over the world's most regaled legume," San Francisco Gate, Sunday, August 13, 2006 Online

Sacks FM, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, et. al. "Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee." Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):1034-44. Epub 2006 Jan 17. Online

Setchell KD, et al. "Isoflavone content of infant formulas and the metabolic fate of these early phytoestrogens in early life." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998; Supplement: 1453S-1461S

Shomon, Mary J. The Menopause Thyroid Solution, HarperCollins, 2009.

Shomon, Mary J. Living Well With Hypothyroidism HarperCollins, 2005.

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